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# №1035

№1035

ysaitoh2019/10/21 09:22

№1035

この簡単な微分方程式が、如何に広く　影響するか　と考えれば、慄然とするのでは。影響は　何億の人々に限らず、世界史への影響の甚大さにも　驚かされるだろう。

Black holes are where God divided by 0

ゼロ除算（division by zero）1/0=0/0=z/0=\tan(\pi/2)=0、log0=0

Black holes are where God divided by 0

ゼロ除算（division by zero）1/0=0/0=z/0=\tan(\pi/2)=0、log0=0

「ゼロ除算が割り切れる時代が来たか」 「え?」

イギリスとドイツはある計算機はその結果を実証しました。

ケンブリッジ大学とミュンヘン工科大学のIsabelle 計算機システムはゼロ除算ｘ/0=0

を導いた

－ 活かされない敗戦経験とイギリスの畏れるべき戦略

George Gamow (1904-1968) Russian-born American nuclear physicist and cosmologist remarked that "it is well known to students of high school algebra" that division by zero is not valid; and Einstein admitted it as {\bf the biggest blunder of his life} [1]：1. Gamow, G., My World Line (Viking, New York). p 44, 1970.

Indeterminate: the hidden power of 0 divided by 0

2016/12/02 に公開

You've all been indoctrinated into accepting that you cannot divide by zero. Find out about the beautiful mathematics that results when you do it anyway in calculus. Featuring some of the most notorious "forbidden" expressions like 0/0 and 1^∞ as well as Apple's Siri and Sir Isaac Newton.

Eπi =-1 （1748）（Leonhard Euler）

E = mc 2 （1905）（Albert Einstein）

1/0=0/0=0 （2014年2月2日再生核研究所）

ゼロ除算（division by zero）1/0=0/0=z/0= tan (pi/2)=0

https://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12420397278.html

1+1=2 （ ）

a2+b2=c2 （Pythagoras）

1/0=0/0=0（2014年2月2日再生核研究所）

Black holes are where God divided by 0：Division by zero：1/0=0/0=z/0=tan(pi/2)=0 発見５周年を迎えて

１ 割り算を掛け算の逆と考えた事

２ 極限で考えようとした事

３ 教科書やあらゆる文献が、不可能であると書いてあるので、みんなそう思った。

Matrices and Division by Zero z/0 = 0

Announcement 179: Division by zero is clear as z/0=0 and it is fundamental in mathematics

\documentclass[12pt]{article}

\usepackage{latexsym,amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts,amstext,amsthm}

\numberwithin{equation}{section}

\begin{document}

\title{\bf Announcement 179: Division by zero is clear as z/0=0 and it is fundamental in mathematics\\

}

\author{{\it Institute of Reproducing Kernels}\\

Kawauchi-cho, 5-1648-16,\\

Kiryu 376-0041, Japan\\

\date{\today}

\maketitle

{\bf Abstract: } In this announcement, we shall introduce the zero division $z/0=0$. The result is a definite one and it is fundamental in mathematics.

\bigskip

\section{Introduction}

%\label{sect1}

By a natural extension of the fractions

\frac{b}{a}

for any complex numbers $a$ and $b$, we, recently, found the surprising result, for any complex number $b$

\frac{b}{0}=0,

incidentally in \cite{s} by the Tikhonov regularization for the Hadamard product inversions for matrices, and we discussed their properties and gave several physical interpretations on the general fractions in \cite{kmsy} for the case of real numbers. The result is a very special case for general fractional functions in \cite{cs}.

The division by zero has a long and mysterious story over the world (see, for example, google site with division by zero) with its physical viewpoints since the document of zero in India on AD 628, however,

Sin-Ei, Takahasi (\cite{taka}) (see also \cite{kmsy}) established a simple and decisive interpretation (1.2) by analyzing some full extensions of fractions and by showing the complete characterization for the property (1.2). His result will show that our mathematics says that the result (1.2) should be accepted as a natural one:

\bigskip

{\bf Proposition. }{\it Let F be a function from ${\bf C }\times {\bf C }$ to ${\bf C }$ such that

$$F (b, a)F (c, d)= F (bc, ad)$$

for all

$$a, b, c, d \in {\bf C }$$

and

$$F (b, a) = \frac {b}{a }, \quad a, b \in {\bf C }, a \ne 0.$$

Then, we obtain, for any $b \in {\bf C }$

$$F (b, 0) = 0.$$

}

\medskip

\section{What are the fractions $b/a$?}

For many mathematicians, the division $b/a$ will be considered as the inverse of product;

that is, the fraction

\frac{b}{a}

is defined as the solution of the equation

a\cdot x= b.

The idea and the equation (2.2) show that the division by zero is impossible, with a strong conclusion. Meanwhile, the problem has been a long and old question:

As a typical example of the division by zero, we shall recall the fundamental law by Newton:

F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}

for two masses $m_1, m_2$ with a distance $r$ and for a constant $G$. Of course,

\lim_{r \to +0} F =\infty,

however, in our fraction

F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{0} = 0.

\medskip

Now, we shall introduce an another approach. The division $b/a$ may be defined {\bf independently of the product}. Indeed, in Japan, the division $b/a$ ; $b$ {\bf raru} $a$ ({\bf jozan}) is defined as how many $a$ exists in $b$, this idea comes from subtraction $a$ repeatedly. (Meanwhile, product comes from addition).

In Japanese language for "division", there exists such a concept independently of product.

H. Michiwaki and his 6 years old girl said for the result $100/0=0$ that the result is clear, from the meaning of the fractions independently the concept of product and they said:

$100/0=0$ does not mean that $100= 0 \times 0$. Meanwhile, many mathematicians had a confusion for the result.

Her understanding is reasonable and may be acceptable:

$100/2=50 \quad$ will mean that we divide 100 by 2, then each will have 50.

$100/10=10 \quad$ will mean that we divide 100 by10, then each will have 10.

$100/0=0 \quad$ will mean that we do not divide 100, and then nobody will have at
all and so 0.

Furthermore, she said then the rest is 100; that is, mathematically;

$$100 = 0\cdot 0 + 100.$$

Now, all the mathematicians may accept the division by zero $100/0=0$ with natural feelings as a trivial one?

\medskip

For simplicity, we shall consider the numbers on non-negative real numbers. We wish to define the division (or fraction) $b/a$ following the usual procedure for its calculation, however, we have to take care for the division by zero:

The first principle, for example, for $100/2$ we shall consider it as follows:

$$100-2-2-2-,...,-2.$$

How may times can we subtract $2$? At this case, it is 50 times and so, the fraction is $50$.

The second case, for example, for $3/2$ we shall consider it as follows:

$$3 - 2 = 1$$

and the rest (remainder) is $1$, and for the rest $1$, we multiple $10$,

then we consider similarly as follows:

$$10-2-2-2-2-2=0.$$

Therefore $10/2=5$ and so we define as follows:

$$\frac{3}{2} =1 + 0.5 = 1.5.$$

By these procedures, for $a \ne 0$ we can define the fraction $b/a$, usually. Here we do not need the concept of product. Except the zero division, all the results for fractions are valid and accepted.

Now, we shall consider the zero division, for example, $100/0$. Since

$$100 - 0 = 100,$$

that is, by the subtraction $100 - 0$, 100 does not decrease, so we can not say we subtract any from $100$. Therefore, the subtract number should be understood as zero; that is,

$$\frac{100}{0} = 0.$$

We can understand this: the division by $0$ means that it does not divide $100$ and so, the result is $0$.

Similarly, we can see that

$$\frac{0}{0} =0.$$

As a conclusion, we should define the zero divison as, for any $b$

$$\frac{b}{0} =0.$$

See \cite{kmsy} for the details.

\medskip

\section{In complex analysis}

We thus should consider, for any complex number $b$, as (1.2);

that is, for the mapping

w = \frac{1}{z},

the image of $z=0$ is $w=0$. This fact seems to be a curious one in connection with our well-established popular image for the point at infinity on the Riemann sphere.

However, we shall recall the elementary function

W(z) = \exp \frac{1}{z}

$$= 1 + \frac{1}{1! z} + \frac{1}{2! z^2} + \frac{1}{3! z^3} + \cdot \cdot \cdot .$$

The function has an essential singularity around the origin. When we consider (1.2), meanwhile, surprisingly enough, we have:

W(0) = 1.

{\bf The point at infinity is not a number} and so we will not be able to consider the function (3.2) at the zero point $z = 0$, meanwhile, we can consider the value $1$ as in (3.3) at the zero point $z = 0$. How do we consider these situations?

In the famous standard textbook on Complex Analysis, L. V. Ahlfors (\cite{ahlfors}) introduced the point at infinity as a number and the Riemann sphere model as well known, however, our interpretation will be suitable as a number. We will not be able to accept the point at infinity as a number.

As a typical result, we can derive the surprising result: {\it At an isolated singular point of an analytic function, it takes a definite value }{\bf with a natural meaning.} As the important applications for this result, the extension formula of functions with analytic parameters may be obtained and singular integrals may be interpretated with the division by zero, naturally (\cite{msty}).

\bigskip

\section{Conclusion}

The division by zero $b/0=0$ is possible and the result is naturally determined, uniquely.

The result does not contradict with the present mathematics - however, in complex analysis, we need only to change a little presentation for the pole; not essentially, because we did not consider the division by zero, essentially.

The common understanding that the division by zero is impossible should be changed with many text books and mathematical science books. The definition of the fractions may be introduced by {\it the method of Michiwaki} in the elementary school, even.

Should we teach the beautiful fact, widely?:

For the elementary graph of the fundamental function

$$y = f(x) = \frac{1}{x},$$

$$f(0) = 0.$$

The result is applicable widely and will give a new understanding for the universe ({\bf Announcement 166}).

\medskip

If the division by zero $b/0=0$ is not introduced, then it seems that mathematics is incomplete in a sense, and by the intoduction of the division by zero, mathematics will become complete in a sense and perfectly beautiful.

\bigskip

section{Remarks}
For the procedure of the developing of the
division by zero and for some general ideas on the division by zero, we
presented the following announcements in Japanese:
\medskip
{\bf Announcement 148} (2014.2.12): $100/0=0, 0/0=0$ -- by a natural extension of fractions -- A wish of the God
\medskip
{\bf Announcement 154} (2014.4.22): A new world:
division by zero, a curious world, a new idea
\medskip
{\bf Announcement 157} (2014.5.8): We wish to
know the idea of the God for the division by zero; why the infinity and zero
point are coincident?
\medskip
{\bf Announcement 161} (2014.5.30): Learning
from the division by zero, sprits of mathematics and of looking for the truth
\medskip
{\bf Announcement 163} (2014.6.17): The division
by zero, an extremely pleasant mathematics - shall we look for the pleasant
division by zero: a proposal for a fun club looking for the division by zero.
\medskip
{\bf Announcement 166} (2014.6.29): New general
ideas for the universe from the viewpoint of the division by zero
\medskip
{\bf Announcement 171} (2014.7.30): The meanings
of product and division -- The division by zero is trivial from the
own sense of the division independently of the concept of product
\medskip
{\bf Announcement 176} (2014.8.9): Should be changed the education of the
division by zero
\bigskip
\bibliographystyle{plain}
\begin{thebibliography}{10}
\bibitem{ahlfors}
L. V. Ahlfors, Complex Analysis, McGraw-Hill
Book Company, 1966.
\bibitem{cs}
L. P. Castro and S.Saitoh, Fractional functions
and their representations, Complex Anal. Oper. Theory {\bf7} (2013), no. 4,
1049-1063.
\bibitem{kmsy}
S. Koshiba, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh and M.
Yamane,
An interpretation of the division by zero z/0=0
without the concept of product
(note).
\bibitem{kmsy}
M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M.
Yamane,
New meanings of the division by zero and
interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$,
Int. J. Appl. Math. Vol. 27, No 2 (2014), pp.
191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.
\bibitem{msty}
H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, M. Takagi and M.
A new concept for the point at infinity and the
division by zero z/0=0
(note).
\bibitem{s}
S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard
and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix
Theory. Vol.4 No.2 (2014), 87-95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/
\bibitem{taka}
S.-E. Takahasi,
{On the identities $100/0=0$ and $0/0=0$}
(note).
\bibitem{ttk}
S.-E. Takahasi, M. Tsukada and Y. Kobayashi,
Classification of continuous fractional binary operators on the real and
complex fields. (submitted)
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}

アインシュタインも解決できなかった「ゼロで割る」問題

http://matome.naver.jp/odai/2135710882669605901

Title page of Leonhard Euler, Vollständige Anleitung zur Algebra, Vol. 1 (edition of 1771, first published in 1770), and p. 34 from Article 83, where Euler explains why a number divided by zero gives infinity.

https://notevenpast.org/dividing-nothing/

1423793753.460.341866474681

Einstein's Only Mistake: Division by Zero

http://refully.blogspot.jp/2012/05/einsteins-only-mistake-division-by-zero.html

ドキュメンタリー 2017: 神の数式 第２回 宇宙はなぜ生まれたのか

〔NHKスペシャル〕神の数式 完全版 第3回 宇宙はなぜ始まったのか

NHKスペシャル〕神の数式 完全版 第1回 この世は何からできているのか

NHKスペシャル 神の数式 完全版 第4回 異次元宇宙は存在するか

\documentclass[12pt]{article}

\usepackage{latexsym,amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts,amstext,amsthm}

\numberwithin{equation}{section}

\begin{document}

\title{\bf Announcement 352: On the third birthday of the division by zero z/0=0 \\

(2017.2.2)}

\author{{\it Institute of Reproducing Kernels}\\

Kawauchi-cho, 5-1648-16,\\

Kiryu 376-0041, Japan\\

}

\date{\today}

\maketitle

{\bf Abstract: } In this announcement, for its importance we would like to state the

situation on the division by zero and propose basic new challenges to education and research on our wrong world history of the division by zero.

\bigskip

\section{Introduction}

%\label{sect1}

By a {\bf natural extension} of the fractions

\frac{b}{a}

for any complex numbers $a$ and $b$, we found the simple and beautiful result, for any complex number $b$

\frac{b}{0}=0,

incidentally in \cite{s} by the Tikhonov regularization for the Hadamard product inversions for matrices and we discussed their properties and gave several physical interpretations on the general fractions in \cite{kmsy} for the case of real numbers.

The division by zero has a long and mysterious story over the world (see, for example, H. G. Romig \cite{romig} and Google site with the division by zero) with its physical viewpoints since the document of zero in India on AD 628. In particular, note that Brahmagupta (598 -

668 ?) established the four arithmetic operations by introducing $0$ and at the same time he defined as $0/0=0$ in Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta. Our world history, however, stated that his definition $0/0=0$ is wrong over 1300 years, but, we will see that his definition is suitable. However, we do not know the meaning and motivation of the definition of $0/0=0$, furthermore, for the important case $1/0$ we do not know any result there. However,

Sin-Ei Takahasi (\cite{kmsy}) established a simple and decisive interpretation (1.2) by analyzing the extensions of fractions and by showing the complete characterization for the property (1.2):

\bigskip

{\bf Proposition 1. }{\it Let F be a function from ${\bf C }\times {\bf C }$ to ${\bf C }$ satisfying

$$F (b, a)F (c, d)= F (bc, ad)$$

for all

$$a, b, c, d \in {\bf C }$$

and

$$F (b, a) = \frac {b}{a }, \quad a, b \in {\bf C }, a \ne 0.$$

Then, we obtain, for any $b \in {\bf C }$

$$F (b, 0) = 0.$$

}

Note that the complete proof of this proposition is simply given by 2 or 3 lines.

We {\bf should define $F(b,0)= b/0 =0$}, in general.

\medskip

We thus should consider, for any complex number $b$, as (1.2);

that is, for the mapping

W = \frac{1}{z},

the image of $z=0$ is $W=0$ ({\bf should be defined}). This fact seems to be a curious one in connection with our well-established popular image for the point at infinity on the Riemann sphere. Therefore, the division by zero will give great impacts to complex analysis and to our ideas for the space and universe.

For Proposition 1, we see some confusion even among mathematicians;
for the elementary function (1.3), we did not consider the value at $z=0$, and we were not able to consider a value. Many and many people consider its value by the limiting like $+\infty$, $-\infty$ or the point at infinity as $\infty$. However, their basic idea comes from {\bf continuity} with the common sense or based on the basic idea of Aristotle. However, by the division by zero (1.2) we will consider its value of the function $W = \frac{1}{z}$ as zero at $z=0$. We would like to consider the value so. We will see that this new definition is valid widely in mathematics and mathematical sciences. However, for functions, we will need some modification {\bf by the idea of the division by zero calculus } as in stated in the sequel.

Meanwhile, the division by zero (1.2) is clear, indeed, for the introduction of (1.2), we have several independent approaches as in:

\medskip

1) by the generalization of the fractions by the Tikhonov regularization and by the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse,

\medskip

2) by the intuitive meaning of the fractions (division) by H. Michiwaki - repeated subtraction method,

\medskip

3) by the unique extension of the fractions by S. Takahasi, as in the above,

\medskip

4) by the extension of the fundamental function $W = 1/z$ from ${\bf C} \setminus \{0\}$ into ${\bf C}$ such that $W =1/z$ is a one to one and onto mapping from ${\bf C} \setminus \{0\}$ onto ${\bf C} \setminus \{0\}$ and the division by zero $1/0=0$ is a one to one and onto mapping extension of the function $W =1/z$ from ${\bf C}$ onto ${\bf C}$,

\medskip

and

\medskip

5) by considering the values of functions with the mean values of functions.

\medskip

Furthermore, in (\cite{msy}) we gave the results in order to show the reality of the division by zero in our world:

\medskip

\medskip

A) a field structure
containing the division by zero --- the Yamada field ${\bf Y}$,

\medskip

B) by the gradient of the $y$ axis on the $(x,y)$ plane --- $\tan \frac{\pi}{2} =0$,

\medskip

C) by the reflection $W =1/\overline{z}$ of $W= z$ with respect to the unit circle with center at the origin on the complex $z$ plane --- the reflection point of zero is zero, not the point at infinity.

\medskip

and

\medskip

D) by considering rotation of a right circular cone having some very interesting

phenomenon from some practical and physical problem.

\medskip

In (\cite{mos}), many division by zero results in Euclidean spaces are given and the basic idea at the point at infinity should be changed. In (\cite{ms}), we gave beautiful geometrical interpretations of determinants from the viewpoint of the division by zero. The results show that the division by zero is our basic and elementary mathematics in our world.

\medskip

See J. A. Bergstra, Y. Hirshfeld and J. V. Tucker \cite{bht}
and J. A. Bergstra \cite{berg} for the relationship between fields and the division by zero, and the importance of the division by zero for computer science. It seems that the relationship of the division by zero and field structures are abstract in their papers.

Meanwhile, J. P. Barukcic and I. Barukcic (\cite{bb}) discussed the relation between the divisions $0/0$, $1/0$ and special relative theory of Einstein. However, their logic seems to be curious and their results contradict with ours.

Furthermore, T. S. Reis and J.A.D.W. Anderson (\cite{ra,ra2}) extend the system of the real numbers by introducing an ideal number for the division by zero.

Meanwhile, we should refer to up-to-date information:

{\it Riemann Hypothesis Addendum - Breakthrough

Kurt Arbenz

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272022137 Riemann Hypothesis Addendum - Breakthrough.}

\medskip

Here, we recall Albert Einstein's words on mathematics:

Blackholes are where God divided by zero.

I don't believe in mathematics.

George Gamow (1904-1968) Russian-born American nuclear physicist and cosmologist remarked that "it is well known to students of high school algebra" that division by zero is not valid; and Einstein admitted it as {\bf the biggest blunder of his life}:

Gamow, G., My World Line (Viking, New York). p 44, 1970.

Apparently, the division by zero is a great missing in our mathematics and the result (1.2) is definitely determined as our basic mathematics, as we see from Proposition 1. Note
its very general assumptions and
many fundamental evidences in our world in (\cite{kmsy,msy,mos,s16}). The results will give great impacts on Euclidean spaces, analytic geometry, calculus, differential equations, complex analysis and physical problems.

The mysterious history of the division by zero over one thousand years is a great shame of mathematicians and human race on the world history, like the Ptolemaic system (geocentric theory). The division by zero will become a typical symbol of foolish human race with long and unceasing struggles. Future people will realize this fact as a definite common sense.

We should check and fill our mathematics, globally and beautifully, from the viewpoint of the division by zero. Our mathematics will be more perfect and beautiful, and will give great impacts to our basic ideas on the universe.

For our ideas on the division by zero, see the survey style announcements.

\section{Basic Materials of Mathematics}

\medskip

(1): First, we should declare that the divison by zero is {\bf possible in the natural and uniquley determined sense and its importance}.

(2): In the elementary school, we should introduce the concept of division (fractions) by the idea of repeated subtraction method by H. Michiwaki whoes method is applied in computer algorithm and in old days for calculation of division. This method will give a simple and clear method for calculation of division and students will be happy to apply this simple method at the first stage. At this time, they will be able to understand that the division by zero is clear and trivial as $a/0=0$ for any $a$. Note that Michiwaki knows how to apply his method to the complex number field.

(3): For the introduction of the elemetary function $y= 1/x$, we should give the definition of the function at the origin $x=0$ as $y = 0$ by the division by zero idea and we should apply this definition for the occasions of its appearences, step by step, following the curriculum and the results of the division by zero.

(4): For the idea of the Euclidean space (plane), we should introduce, at the first stage, the concept of stereographic projection and the concept of the point at infinity -

one point compactification. Then, we will be able to see the whole Euclidean plane, however, by the division by zero, {\bf the point at infinity is represented by zero, not by $\infty$}. We can teach the very important fact with many geometric and analytic geometry methods. These topics will give great pleasant feelings to many students.

Interesting topics are: parallel lines, what is a line? - a line contains the origin as an isolated

point for the case that the native line does not through the origin. All the lines pass the origin, our space is not the Eulcildean space and is not Aristoteles for the strong discontinuity at the point at infinity (at the origin). - Here note that an orthogonal coordinate system should be fixed first for our all arguments.

(5): The inversion of the origin with respect to a circle with center the origin is the origin itself, not the point at infinity - the very classical result is wrong. We can also prove this elementary result by many elementary ways.

(6): We should change the concept of gradients; on the usual orthogonal coordinates $(x,y)$,

the gradient of the $y$ axis is zero; this is given and proved by the fundamental result

$\tan (\pi/2) =0$. The result is also trivial from the definition of the Yamada field.

\medskip

For the Fourier coefficients $a_k$ of a function :

$$\frac{a_k \pi k^3}{4}$$

= \sin (\pi k) \cos (\pi k) + 2 k^2 \pi^2 \sin(\pi k) \cos (\pi k) + 2\pi (\cos (\pi k) )^2 - \pi k,

for $k=0$, we obtain immediately

a_0 = \frac{8}{3}\pi^2

(see \cite{maple}, (3.4))({ -

Difficulty in Maple for specialization problems}

).

\medskip

These results are derived also from
the {\bf division by zero calculus}:

For any formal Laurent expansion around $z=a$,

f(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} C_n (z - a)^n,

we obtain the identity, by the division by zero

f(a) = C_0.

\medskip

The typical example is that, as we can derive by the elementary way,

$$\tan \frac{\pi}{2} =0.$$

\medskip

We gave many examples with geometric meanings in \cite{mos}.

This fundamental result leads to the important new definition:

From the viewpoint of the division by zero, when there exists the limit, at $x$

f^\prime(x) = \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{f(x + h) - f(x)}{h} =\infty

or

f^\prime(x) = -\infty,

both cases, we can write them as follows:

f^\prime(x) = 0.

\medskip

For the elementary ordinary differential equation

y^\prime = \frac{dy}{dx} =\frac{1}{x}, \quad x > 0,

how will be the case at the point $x = 0$? From its general solution, with a general constant $C$

y = \log x + C,

we see that, by the division by zero,

y^\prime (0)= \left[ \frac{1}{x}\right]_{x=0} = 0,

that will mean that the division by zero (1.2) is very natural.

In addition, note that the function $y = \log x$ has infinite order derivatives and all the values are zero at the origin, in the sense of the division by zero.

However, for the derivative of the function $y = \log x$, we have to fix the sense at the origin, clearly, because the function is not differentiable, but it has a singularity at the origin. For $x >0$, there is no problem for (2.8) and (2.9). At $x = 0$, we
see that we can not consider the limit in the sense (2.5). However,
for $x >0$ we have (2.8) and

\lim_{x \to +0} \left(\log x \right)^\prime = +\infty.

In the usual sense, the limit is $+\infty$, but in the present case, in the sense of the division by zero, we have:

\left[ \left(\log x \right)^\prime \right]_{x=0}= 0

and we will be able to understand its sense graphycally.

By the new interpretation for the derivative, we can arrange many formulas for derivatives, by the division by zero. We can modify many formulas and statements in calculus and we can apply our concept to the differential equation theory and the universe in connetion with derivatives.

(7): We shall introduce the typical division by zero calculus.

For the integral

we obtain, by the division by zero calculus,

\int x(x^{2}+1)^{-1}dx=\frac{\log(x^{2}+1)}{2}.

For example, in the ordinary differential equation

y^{\prime\prime} + 4 y^{\prime} + 3 y = 5 e^{- 3x},

in order to look for a special solution, by setting $y = A e^{kx}$ we have, from

y^{\prime\prime} + 4 y^{\prime} + 3 y = 5 e^{kx},

y = \frac{5 e^{kx}}{k^2 + 4 k + 3}.

For $k = -3$, by the division by zero calculus, we obtain

y = e^{-3x} \left( - \frac{5}{2}x -
\frac{5}{4}\right),

and so, we can obtain the special solution

y = - \frac{5}{2}x e^{-3x}.

In those examples, we were able to give valuable functions for denominator zero cases. The division by zero calculus may be applied to many cases as a new fundamental calculus over l'Hopital's rule.

(8): When we apply the division by zero to functions, we can consider, in general, many ways. For example,

for the function $z/(z-1)$, when we insert $z=1$ in numerator and denominator, we have

\left[\frac{z}{z-1}\right]_{z = 1} = \frac{1}{0} =0.

However,

from the identity --

the Laurent expansion around $z=1$,

\frac{z}{z-1} = \frac{1}{z-1} + 1,

we have

\left[\frac{z}{z-1}\right]_{z = 1} = 1.

For analytic functions we can give uniquely determined values at isolated singular points by the values by means of the Laurent expansions as the division by zero calculus, however, the values by means of the Laurent expansions are not always reasonable. We will need to consider many interpretations for reasonable values. In many formulas in mathematics and physics, however, we can see that the division by zero calculus is reasonably valid. See \cite{kmsy,msy}.

\section{Albert Einstein's biggest blunder}

The division by zero is directly related to the Einstein's theory and various

physical problems

containing the division by zero.
Now we should check the theory and the problems by the concept of the RIGHT and DEFINITE division by zero. Now is the best time since 100 years from Albert Einstein. It seems that the background knowledge is timely fruitful.

Note that the Big Bang also may be related to the division by zero like the blackholes.

\section{Computer systems}

The above Professors listed are wishing the contributions in order to avoid the division by zero trouble in computers. Now, we should arrange new computer systems in order not to meet the division by zero trouble in computer systems.

By the division by zero calculus, we will be able to overcome troubles in Maple for specialization problems as in stated.

\section{General ideas on the universe}

The division by zero may be related to religion, philosophy and the ideas on the universe; it will create a new world. Look at the new world introduced.

\bigskip

We are standing on a new
generation and in front of the new world, as in the discovery of the Americas. Should we push the research and education on the division by zero?

\bigskip

\section{\bf Fundamental open problem}

{\bf Fundamental open problem}: {\it Give the definition of the division by zero calculus for several -variables functions with singularities.}

\medskip

In order to make clear the problem, we give a prototype example.

We have the identity by the divison by zero calculus: For

f(z) = \frac{1 + z}{1- z}, \quad f(1) = -1.

From the real part and imaginary part of the function, we have, for $z= x +iy$

\frac{1 - x^2 - y^2}{(1 - x)^2 + y^2} =-1, \quad \text{at}\quad (1,0)

and

respectively. Why the differences do happen? In general, we are interested in the above open problem. Recall our definition for the division by zero calculus.

\bibliographystyle{plain}

\begin{thebibliography}{10}

\bibitem{bb}

J. P. Barukcic and I. Barukcic, Anti Aristotle -

The Division of Zero by Zero. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics,
{\bf 4}(2016), 749-761.

doi: 10.4236/jamp.2016.44085.

\bibitem{bht}

J. A. Bergstra, Y. Hirshfeld and J. V. Tucker,

Meadows and the equational specification of division (arXiv:0901.0823v1[math.RA] 7 Jan 2009).

\bibitem{berg}

J.A. Bergstra, Conditional Values in Signed Meadow Based Axiomatic Probability Calculus,

arXiv:1609.02812v2[math.LO] 17 Sep 2016.

\bibitem{cs}

L. P. Castro and S. Saitoh, Fractional functions and their representations, Complex Anal. Oper. Theory {\bf7} (2013), no. 4, 1049-1063.

\bibitem{kmsy}

M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,

New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$,

Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.

\bibitem{msy}

H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh,

Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM
International J. of Applied Physics and Math. {\bf 6}(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html

\bibitem{ms}

T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,

Matrices and division by zero $z/0=0$, Advances in Linear Algebra

\& Matrix Theory, 6 (2016), 51-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.2016.62007 http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt

\bibitem{mos}

H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura, and S. Saitoh,

Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces.

International Journal of Mathematics and Computation Vol. 28(2017); Issue 1, 2017), 1-16.

\bibitem{ra}

T. S. Reis and J.A.D.W. Anderson,

Transdifferential and Transintegral Calculus,

Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2014 Vol I

WCECS 2014, 22-24 October, 2014, San Francisco, USA

\bibitem{ra2}

T. S. Reis and J.A.D.W. Anderson,

Transreal Calculus,

IAENG International J. of Applied Math., {\bf 45}(2015): IJAM 45 1 06.

\bibitem{romig}

H. G. Romig, Discussions: Early History of Division by Zero,

American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 31, No. 8. (Oct., 1924), pp. 387-389.

\bibitem{s}

S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/

\bibitem{s16}

S. Saitoh, A reproducing kernel theory with some general applications,

Qian,T./Rodino,L.(eds.): Mathematical Analysis, Probability and Applications - Plenary Lectures: Isaac 2015, Macau, China, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics, {\bf 177}(2016), 151-182 (Springer).

\bibitem{ttk}

S.-E. Takahasi, M. Tsukada and Y. Kobayashi, Classification of continuous fractional binary operations on the real and complex fields, Tokyo Journal of Mathematics, {\bf 38}(2015), no. 2, 369-380.

\bibitem{maple}

Introduction to Maple - UBC Mathematics

https://www.math.ubc.ca/~israel/m210/lesson1.pdf

\bibitem{ann179}

Announcement 179 (2014.8.30): Division by zero is clear as z/0=0 and it is fundamental in mathematics.

\bibitem{ann185}

Announcement 185 (2014.10.22): The importance of the division by zero $z/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann237}

Announcement 237 (2015.6.18):
A reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$ by geometrical optics.

\bibitem{ann246}

Announcement 246 (2015.9.17): An interpretation of the division by zero $1/0=0$ by the gradients of lines.

\bibitem{ann247}

Announcement 247 (2015.9.22): The gradient of y-axis is zero and $\tan (\pi/2) =0$ by the division by zero $1/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann250}

Announcement 250 (2015.10.20): What are numbers? - the Yamada field containing the division by zero $z/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann252}

Announcement 252 (2015.11.1): Circles and

curvature - an interpretation by Mr.

Hiroshi Michiwaki of the division by

zero $r/0 = 0$.

\bibitem{ann281}

Announcement 281 (2016.2.1): The importance of the division by zero $z/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann282}

Announcement 282 (2016.2.2): The Division by Zero $z/0=0$ on the Second Birthday.

\bibitem{ann293}

Announcement 293 (2016.3.27):
Parallel lines on the Euclidean plane from the viewpoint of division by zero 1/0=0.

\bibitem{ann300}

Announcement 300 (2016.05.22): New challenges on the division by zero z/0=0.

\bibitem{ann326}

Announcement 326 (2016.10.17): The division by zero z/0=0 - its impact to human beings through education and research.

\end{thebibliography}

\end{document}

Algebraic division by zero implemented as quasigeometric multiplication by infinity in real and complex multispatial hyperspaces
Author: Jakub Czajko, 92(2) (2018) 171-197

WSN 92(2) (2018) 171-197

\documentclass[12pt]{article}

\usepackage{latexsym,amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts,amstext,amsthm}

\numberwithin{equation}{section}

\begin{document}

\title{\bf Announcement 362: Discovery of the division by zero as \\

$0/0=1/0=z/0=0$\\

(2017.5.5)}

\author{{\it Institute of Reproducing Kernels}\\

Kawauchi-cho, 5-1648-16,\\

Kiryu 376-0041, Japan\\

}

\date{\today}

\maketitle

{\bf Statement: } The Institute of Reproducing Kernels declares that the division by zero was discovered as $0/0=1/0=z/0=0$ in a natural sense on 2014.2.2. The result shows a new basic idea on the universe and space since Aristotelēs (BC384 - BC322) and Euclid (BC 3 Century - ), and the division by zero is since Brahmagupta (598 - 668 ?).

In particular, Brahmagupta defined as $0/0=0$ in Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta (628), however, our world history stated that his definition $0/0=0$ is wrong over 1300 years, but, we will see that his definition is suitable.

For the details, see the references and the site: http://okmr.yamatoblog.net/

\bibliographystyle{plain}

\begin{thebibliography}{10}

\bibitem{kmsy}

M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,

New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$,

Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.

\bibitem{msy}

H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh,

Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM
International J. of Applied Physics and Math. {\bf 6}(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html

\bibitem{ms}

T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,

Matrices and division by zero $z/0=0$, Advances in Linear Algebra

\& Matrix Theory, 6 (2016), 51-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.2016.62007 http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt

\bibitem{mos}

H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura, and S. Saitoh,

Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces.

International Journal of Mathematics and Computation Vol. 28(2017); Issue 1, 2017), 1-16.

\bibitem{osm}

H. Okumura, S. Saitoh and T. Matsuura, Relations of $0$ and
$\infty$,

Journal of Technology and Social Science (JTSS), 1(2017), 70-77.

\bibitem{romig}

H. G. Romig, Discussions: Early History of Division by Zero,

American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 31, No. 8. (Oct., 1924), pp. 387-389.

\bibitem{s}

S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/

\bibitem{s16}

S. Saitoh, A reproducing kernel theory with some general applications,

Qian,T./Rodino,L.(eds.): Mathematical Analysis, Probability and Applications - Plenary Lectures: Isaac 2015, Macau, China, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics, {\bf 177}(2016), 151-182 (Springer).

\bibitem{ttk}

S.-E. Takahasi, M. Tsukada and Y. Kobayashi, Classification of continuous fractional binary operations on the real and complex fields, Tokyo Journal of Mathematics, {\bf 38}(2015), no. 2, 369-380.

\bibitem{ann179}

Announcement 179 (2014.8.30): Division by zero is clear as z/0=0 and it is fundamental in mathematics.

\bibitem{ann185}

Announcement 185 (2014.10.22): The importance of the division by zero $z/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann237}

Announcement 237 (2015.6.18):
A reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$ by geometrical optics.

\bibitem{ann246}

Announcement 246 (2015.9.17): An interpretation of the division by zero $1/0=0$ by the gradients of lines.

\bibitem{ann247}

Announcement 247 (2015.9.22): The gradient of y-axis is zero and $\tan (\pi/2) =0$ by the division by zero $1/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann250}

Announcement 250 (2015.10.20): What are numbers? - the Yamada field containing the division by zero $z/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann252}

Announcement 252 (2015.11.1): Circles and

curvature - an interpretation by Mr.

Hiroshi Michiwaki of the division by

zero $r/0 = 0$.

\bibitem{ann281}

Announcement 281 (2016.2.1): The importance of the division by zero $z/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann282}

Announcement 282 (2016.2.2): The Division by Zero $z/0=0$ on the Second Birthday.

\bibitem{ann293}

Announcement 293 (2016.3.27):
Parallel lines on the Euclidean plane from the viewpoint of division by zero 1/0=0.

\bibitem{ann300}

Announcement 300 (2016.05.22): New challenges on the division by zero z/0=0.

\bibitem{ann326}

Announcement 326 (2016.10.17): The division by zero z/0=0 - its impact to human beings through education and research.

\bibitem{ann352}

Announcement 352(2017.2.2):
On the third birthday of the division by zero z/0=0.

\bibitem{ann354}

Announcement 354(2017.2.8): What are $n = 2,1,0$ regular
polygons inscribed in a disc? -- relations of $0$ and infinity.

\end{thebibliography}

\end{document}

http://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/theme-10006253398.html

1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0

http://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12276045402.html

1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0

http://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12263708422.html

1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0

http://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12272721615.html

Algebraic division by zero implemented as quasigeometric multiplication by infinity in real and complex multispatial hyperspaces
Author: Jakub Czajko, 92(2) (2018) 171-197

WSN 92(2) (2018) 171-197

\documentclass[12pt]{article}

\usepackage{latexsym,amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts,amstext,amsthm}

\numberwithin{equation}{section}

\begin{document}

\title{\bf Announcement 409: Various Publication Projects on the Division by Zero\\

(2018.1.29.)}

\author{{\it Institute of Reproducing Kernels}\\

Kawauchi-cho, 5-1648-16,\\

Kiryu 376-0041, Japan\\

}

\date{\today}

\maketitle

The Institute of Reproducing Kernels is dealing with the theory of division by zero calculus and declares that the division by zero was discovered as $0/0=1/0=z/0=0$ in a natural sense on 2014.2.2. The result shows a new basic idea on the universe and space since Aristoteles (BC384 - BC322) and Euclid (BC 3 Century - ), and the division by zero is since Brahmagupta (598 - 668 ?).

In particular, Brahmagupta defined as $0/0=0$ in Brhmasphuasiddhnta (628), however, our world history stated that his definition $0/0=0$ is wrong over 1300 years, but, we showed that his definition is suitable.

For the details, see the references and the site: http://okmr.yamatoblog.net/

We wrote two global book manuscripts \cite{s18} with 154 pages and \cite{so18} with many figures for some general people. Their main points are:

\begin{itemize}

\item The division by zero and division by zero calculus are new elementary and fundamental mathematics in the undergraduate level.

\item They introduce a new space
since Aristoteles (BC384 - BC322) and Euclid (BC 3 Century - ) with many exciting new phenomena and properties with general interest, not specialized and difficult topics. However, their properties are mysterious and very attractive.

\item The contents are very elementary, however very exciting with general interest.

\item The contents give great impacts to our basic ideas on the universe and human beings.

\end{itemize}

Meanwhile, the representations of the contents are very important and delicate with delicate feelings to the division by zero with a long and mysterious history. Therefore, we hope the representations of the division by zero as follows:

\begin{itemize}

\item

Various book publications by many native languages and with the author's idea and feelings.

\item

Some publications are like arts and some comic style books with pictures.

\item

Some T shirts design, some pictures, monument design may be considered.

\end{itemize}

The authors above may be expected to contribute to our culture, education, common communications and enjoyments.

\medskip

For the people having the interest on the above projects, we will send our book sources with many figure files.

\medskip

How will be our project introducing our new world since Euclid?

\medskip

Of course, as mathematicians we have to publish new books on

\medskip

Calculus, Differential Equations and Complex Analysis, at least and soon, in order to {\bf correct them} in some complete and beautiful ways.

\medskip

Our topics will be interested in over 1000 millions people over the world on the world history.

\bibliographystyle{plain}

\begin{thebibliography}{10}

\bibitem{kmsy}

M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,

New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$,

Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.

\bibitem{ms16}

T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,

Matrices and division by zero $z/0=0$,

Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory, {\bf 6}(2016), 51-58

Published Online June 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt

\\ http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.2016.62007.

\bibitem{ms18}

T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,

Division by zero calculus and singular integrals. (Submitted for publication)

\bibitem{mms18}

T. Matsuura, H. Michiwaki and S. Saitoh,

$\log 0= \log \infty =0$ and applications. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics.

\bibitem{msy}

H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh and

Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM
International J. of Applied Physics and Math. {\bf 6}(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html

\bibitem{mos}

H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,

Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces,

International Journal of Mathematics and Computation, {\bf 2}8(2017); Issue 1, 2017), 1-16.

\bibitem{osm}

H. Okumura, S. Saitoh and T. Matsuura, Relations of $0$ and
$\infty$,

Journal of Technology and Social Science (JTSS), {\bf 1}(2017), 70-77.

\bibitem{os}

H. Okumura and S. Saitoh, The Descartes circles theorem and division by zero calculus. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.04961 (2017.11.14).

\bibitem{o}

H. Okumura, Wasan geometry with the division by 0. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.06947 International
Journal of Geometry.

\bibitem{os18}

H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,

Applications of the division by zero calculus to Wasan geometry.

(Submitted for publication).

\bibitem{ps18}

S. Pinelas and S. Saitoh,

Division by zero calculus and differential equations. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics.

\bibitem{romig}

H. G. Romig, Discussions: Early History of Division by Zero,

American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. {\bf 3}1, No. 8. (Oct., 1924), pp. 387-389.

\bibitem{s14}

S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/

\bibitem{s16}

S. Saitoh, A reproducing kernel theory with some general applications,

Qian,T./Rodino,L.(eds.): Mathematical Analysis, Probability and Applications - Plenary Lectures: Isaac 2015, Macau, China, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics, {\bf 177}(2016), 151-182. (Springer) .

\bibitem{s17}

S. Saitoh, Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity, arXiv:1712.09467 [math.GM](2017.12.17).

\bibitem{s18}

S. Saitoh, Division by zero calculus (154 pages: draft): http//okmr.yamatoblog.net/

\bibitem{so18}

S. Saitoh and H. Okumura, Division by Zero Calculus in Figures -- Our New Space --

\bibitem{ttk}

S.-E. Takahasi, M. Tsukada and Y. Kobayashi, Classification of continuous fractional binary operations on the real and complex fields, Tokyo Journal of Mathematics, {\bf 38}(2015), no. 2, 369-380.

\end{thebibliography}

\end{document}

List of division by zero:

\bibitem{os18}

H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,

Remarks for The Twin Circles of Archimedes in a Skewed Arbelos by H. Okumura and M. Watanabe, Forum Geometricorum.

Saburou Saitoh, Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity、
arXiv:1712.09467 [math.GM]

Hiroshi Okumura and Saburou Saitoh

The Descartes circles theorem and division by zero calculus.　２０１７．１１．１４

https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.04961

L. P. Castro and S. Saitoh, Fractional functions and their representations, Complex Anal. Oper. Theory {\bf7} (2013), no. 4, 1049-1063.

M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,

New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$, Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.

T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,

Matrices and division by zero z/0=0,

Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory, 2016, 6, 51-58

Published Online June 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt

\\ http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.2016.62007.

T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,

Division by zero calculus and singular integrals. (Submitted for publication).

T. Matsuura, H. Michiwaki and S. Saitoh,

$\log 0= \log \infty =0$ and applications. (Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics.)

H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh and M.Yamada,

Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM International J. of Applied Physics and Math. 6(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html

H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,

Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces,

International Journal of Mathematics and Computation, 28(2017); Issue 1, 2017), 1-16.

H. Okumura, S. Saitoh and T. Matsuura, Relations of $0$ and $\infty$,

Journal of Technology and Social Science (JTSS), 1(2017), 70-77.

S. Pinelas and S. Saitoh,

Division by zero calculus and differential equations. (Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics).

S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/

S. Saitoh, A reproducing kernel theory with some general applications,

Qian,T./Rodino,L.(eds.): Mathematical Analysis, Probability and Applications - Plenary Lectures: Isaac 2015, Macau, China, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics, {\bf 177}(2016), 151-182. (Springer) .

https://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12287338180.html

1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0

http://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12276045402.html

1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0

http://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12263708422.html

1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0

http://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12272721615.html

ソクラテス・プラトン・アリストテレス　その他

https://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12328488611.html

アインシュタインも解決できなかった「ゼロで割る」問題

http://matome.naver.jp/odai/2135710882669605901

Title page of Leonhard Euler, Vollständige Anleitung zur Algebra, Vol. 1 (edition of 1771, first published in 1770), and p. 34 from Article 83, where Euler explains why a number divided by zero gives infinity.

https://notevenpast.org/dividing-nothing/

I don't believe in mathematics. Albert Einstein→ゼロ除算ができなかったからではないでしょうか。

ドキュメンタリー 2017: 神の数式 第２回 宇宙はなぜ生まれたのか

〔NHKスペシャル〕神の数式 完全版 第3回 宇宙はなぜ始まったのか

〔NHKスペシャル〕神の数式 完全版 第1回 この世は何からできているのか

NHKスペシャル 神の数式 完全版 第4回 異次元宇宙は存在するか

https://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12348847166.html

ゼロ除算の論文

Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity

https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.09467

Algebraic division by zero implemented as quasigeometric multiplication by infinity in real and complex multispatial hyperspaces
Author: Jakub Czajko, 92(2) (2018) 171-197

WSN 92(2) (2018) 171-197

ゼロ除算（division by zero）1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0

2018年05月28日(月)
テーマ：数学

これは最も簡単な　典型的なゼロ除算の結果と言えます。　ユークリッド以来の驚嘆する、誰にも分る結果では　ないでしょうか？

Hiroshi O. Is It Really Impossible To Divide By Zero?. Biostat Biometrics Open Acc J. 2018; 7(1): 555703. DOI: 10.19080/BBOJ.2018.07.555703

ゼロで分裂するのは本当に不可能ですか？ -
Juniper Publishers

https://juniperpublishers.com/bboaj/pdf/BBOAJ.MS.ID.555703.pdf